No more messing around

In an attempt to study better than I have been, I took it upon myself to download a demo version of Readiris (text recognition software,) scan in the lecture study guide outline and convert it to text so I (or other students) can type in answers, space out the questions so you can handwrite answers, etc.

As it turned out, there are some typos (hey, it is text recognition, not perfection) and some missing questions that I cant seem to find but I am sure are in the text but they are simply hidden (I ended up with 130 of the 133 questions... 97.7% success rate!)

I will be posting video and eye videos later. For now, here are the questions (I started them off at their original number, 192, so that you guys could reference the questions easier.) Enjoy!

192) What is ethology?

193) Describe sign stimuli and give examples.

194) What are innate releasing mechanisms (inn's)?

195) Describe and give examples of the following types of learning: habituation, conditioning, classical and operant conditioning, generalized and discriminating conditioning, latent learning, insight learning, imprinting.

196) What is the relationship between memory, engram, retrieval, and long-term memory, short-term memory.

197) Describe the role of the following in communication: coloration, tags, posture, eye contact, sound, pheromones, and chemicals.

198) How is behavior related to the genetic isolation that forms a species?

199) Describe the role of aggression between and among species.

200) Give examples of social behaviors.

201) Describe and give examples of the following: intraspecific and interspecific cooperation, altruism.

202) What evidence is there that animals possess emotions and culture?

203) Describe the parts of a neuron and how they function in impulse conduction.

204) What are the excitable tissues and what makes them excitable tissues?

205) Describe how a resting potential is established in an excitable tissue by the sodium-potassium pump and is this an active or passive process?

206) At what voltage does the resting potential stabilize, and why does it stabilize?

207) What ions and where are ions concentrated in a resting potential?

208) Describe the events of an action potential citing specific voltages and the following terms: ion gated channel proteins (Na and K), voltage gated channel proteins (Na and K), resting potential, threshold potential, depolarization, repolarization, after potential (effect).

209) Draw and label a graph of an action potential.

210) What is the relationship between an action potential and impulse?

211) Describe how an impulse is propagated along a membrane.

212) Why is an action potential considered an "all-or-none" event?

213) Why is an impulse considered an "all-or-none" event?

214) Describe saltatory conduction in a peripheral nerve fiber using the following terms: Schwann cell, node of Ranvier, axon, and myelin sheath.

215) Why do myelinated fibers conduct impulses faster than umnyelinated ones?

216) Describe the events that occur at a synapse using the following terms: synapse, presynaptic cell, postsynaptic cell, axon, dendrite, neuronal synapse, neuromuscular synapse, synaptic vesicles, neurotransmitter~ and receptor proteins.

217) How are excitatory neurotransmitters different from inhibitory neurotransmitters, and what determines whether a neurotransmitter will be excitatory or inhibitory?

218) Why are synapses necessary?

219) Describe the events that occur at a neuromuscular junction nsing the following terms: acetylcholine, Ach receptors, adenyl cyclase, cyclic AMP, kinase, ion gated Na channel proteins, threshold potential, action potential.

220) Describe the relationship between the following: epimysium, perimysihm, endomysium, sarcolemma, muscle fiber, myofibril, myofilaments, actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin, sarcomere, thick filaments, and thin filaments. ,

221) Using the terms above as well as the terms sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse tubules, describe the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction.

222) Is contraction of a muscle fiber an all-or-none event? Explain.

223) Is contraction of a muscle (organ) an all-or-none event? Explain.

224) Describe the relationship of the following: CNS, PNS, ANS, and Somatic NS.

225) Describe the lobes of the brain and general functions of each.

226) How do the right and left sides of the brain differ?

227) What is the relationship between gray matter, fissure, sulcus, gyrus, white matter, and intelligence?

228) Describe the relationship and function of the following: prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon, cerebral hemispheres, corpus callosum, commissures, basal nuclei, diencephalon, epithalamus, pineal gland (body), thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain, forebrain, hindbrain, brain stem, cerebral peduncles, cerebellar peduncles, corpora quadrigemina, superior colliculi, inferior colliculi, substantia nigra, pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, decussation.

229) Describe the role of the following in a simple reflex arc: afferent neuron~ efferent neuron, interneuron, associative neuron, sensory neuron, motor neuron. dorsal horn, ventral horn, gray matter, white matter.

230) Describe the following: conus medullaris, cauda equina, Inmbar enlargement, cervical enlargement.

231) What is cerebrospinal fluid and what is its function?

232) Describe the role of the following in cerebrospinal fluid generation, flow, and recovery: choroid plexus, lateral ventricles, foramen of Monro, third ventricle, aqueduct of Sylvius, fourth ventricle, central canal, subarachnoid space, lateral apertures, superior sagittal sinus.

233) What is the relationship, and what triggers an action potential in the following: mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, proprioceptors, chemoreceptors, photoreceptors, and thermoreceptors.

234) How are cranial nerves different from spinal nerves and how many pairs are there of each?

235) What are the subdivisions of the PNS?

236) How are the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems similar?

237) How are the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems different?

238) What can be said about the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems when they innervate the same organ?

239) What are the five types of taste receptors; to which class of receptor (mechanoreceptor,chemoreceptor, etc.) do they belong, and where in the brain is taste processed?

240) To which major class of receptor do olfactory receptors belong, and where in the brain is smell processed?

241) How many types of olfactory receptors are there? What is the relationship between taste and smell?

242) Describe the tunics of the eye.

243) .Describe the visual receptors and their distribution and density on the retina.

244) Be familiar with the major structures of the eye.

245) Describe the mechanism of Jens accommodation when looking at something near and far away.

246) Describe myopia, Hyperopia, presbyopia, and astigmatism.

247) Describe the pathway of visual impulses and where they are processed in the brain.

248) What is the optic disc and why is it called the blind spot?

249) What is the function of tears?

250) Describe the pathway of sound and how vibrations are converted to impulses.

251) Describe the relationship and function of the following terms: bony labyrinth, memhranous labyrinth, perilymph, endolymph, cochlea, utricle, saccule, semicircular canals, hair cells, organ of Corti, basilar membrane, tectorial membrane, stereocilia, cupula, maculae, otolithic membrane, otoliths.

252) How is an open vascular system different from a closed one?

253) Describe the relationship between the following: plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, interstitial fluid, lymph, and filtrate.

254) Describe the role of the following in muscle contraction: sino-atrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of his, Purkinje fibers, atria, ventricles, connective tissue, intercalated discs, and pacemaker.

255) Explain how cardiac tissue is autorhythmic.

256) What causes the lub"dub of the heart sounds?

257) What is "normal" blood pressure and how is it related to ventricular systole and diastole? Describe the mechanism of blood clot formation.

258) Describe the relationship of the following terms: arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, aneurysm, thrombus, and embolism.

259) Describe the relationship of the following terms: right lymphatic duct, thoracic duct, afferent lymph vessels, efferent lymph vessels; lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, lymphocytes, APC's macrophages, and dendrocytes.

260) What parts of the body are drained by the right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct, and into which blood vessels do they return lymph to the cardiovascular system?

261) Describe the role of the following in immune responses: MHCI and MHC2 proteins, APC's,dendrocytes, macrophages, B cells, antibodies, antigens, gamma globulins, immunoglobins, T cells, Helper T's, Cytotoxic T's, CD4 and CD8 receptors, Natural Killer T's, Suppressor T's, Memory Cells, interleukin 1, interleukin 2, plasma cells, MAC's.

262) Describe nonspecific body defenses.

263) Describe the events in specific humoral clonal responses, and why one is protected from future exposures to the antigen.

264) What organ plays a role in helping the immune cells determine self vs. nonself, and culls cells that are hyposensitive or hypersensitive?

265) Contrast passive and active immunity and how are they related to the processes above?

266) What are some types of vaccines used to protect public health, and what are epitopes and adjuvants?

267) Describe the events of inflammation.

268) Describe the male sexual organs and trace the pathway of sperm from seminiferous tubules to the outside world.

269) Describe the organs that produce seminal fluids and the approximate volume of ejaculate they produce.

270) Why is semen of alkaline pH?

271) Describe the erectile issues of the penis, and how they function to produce an erect and flaccid penis.

272) What is a bacculum and do humans possess one?

273) What factors contribute to impotence, low sperm counts, and sterility in males?

274) How does Viagra work, and does it work as well in females as males?

275) Describe the hormonal control of spermatogenesis and secondary sexual characteristics.

276) Describe the female sexual organs and trace the pathway of a secondary oocyte from ovulation to the outside world.

277) Describe the three layers of the uterus. .

278) What causes the vagina to have an acidic pH?

279) Describe oogenesis as it relates to follicle development.

280) How is ovulation not ovulation?

281) Approximately how many days after ovulation does implantation occur and what stage of embryogenesis implants in the endometrium?

282) How does female orgasm contribute to the chance of fertilization?

283) What is the difference between menarche and menopause? Describe hormonal control of the menstrual cycle.

284) Describe how the birth control pill prevents pregnancy.

285) How does the blastocyst (trophoblast) prevent menstruation, thereby saving itself?

286) What organ eventually secretes progesterone and maintains and controls the pregnancy?

287) Describe the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy.

288) How long does pregnancy last?

289) Describe the events of first, second, and third stage labor.

290) Describe the pathway of air from oral cavity to alveoli.

291) Describe the location and function of the epiglottis.

292) How are the right and left lung different form one another?

293) What is the relationship of the following terms: lobules, lobes, and lungs.

294) What is surfactant and why is it important to lung function? "

295) Why do air passageways have cartilagenous rings?

296) Describe the anatomy and physiology of tidal and forced ventilation.

297) Why is it so important that the pleural space remain closed, and how does a pneumothorax lead to a collapsed lung?

298) Describe the following: vital capacity, residual volume, total lung capacity.

299) Describe the tunics of the digestive tract.

300) Describe the relationship and function of the following: serous membranes, mucous membranes, synovial membranes, peritoneal cavity, parietal peritoneum, visceral peritoneum, pleural membrane, pleural cavity, visceral pleura, parietal pleura, pericardial cavity, mediastinal cavity, visceral pericardium. parietal pericardium, mesentery, mesocolon, greater omentum. lesser omentum.

301) Describe the digestive anatomy from oral cavity to anus.

302) Compare peristalsis to segmentation, and physical digestion to chemical digestion.

303) Be able to describe the locations and mechanisms of digestion and absorption of the following: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

304) What are the accessory organs of the digestive tract and what do they do?

305) Describe the relationship of the following: rugae, plicae, villi, microvilli, and haustra.

306) What are sphincters and name as many as possible?

307) Is rennin technically a digestive enzyme? Explain.

308) Is bile a digestive enzyme? Explain.

309) Describe the relationship of the following: gall bladder, hepatic ducts, cystic, duct, and common bile duct.

310) What is cirrhosis of the liver, and what is its cause?

311) Describe the relationship of the following: micelles, lacteals, chylomicrons, villus, and thoracic duct, left Subclavian vein.

312) Describe the location and function of the caecum and vermiform appendix.

313) Describe the composition and role of the microflora in the large intestine.

314) What are hemorrhoids?

315) Describe the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the kidney and urinary system.

316) Describe the process of filtration.

317) Describe the process of reabsorption.

318) Describe the process of secretion.

319) Compare the relationship and composition of filtrate, plasma, and urine.

320) Describe net glomerular pressure and how it is related to filtration.

321) When a person goes into shock blood pressure drops dramatically because arterioles dilate. Why does shock shut down kidney function?